Bare shelves this holiday season highlight shortages and show how vulnerable the supply chain can be to disruptions. We know a sick baker can’t make bread, but what if something happens to the people and supplies needed to make the flour or butter the baker needs.
“We call the exposure to labor and upstream industries the Achilles’ heel of the supply chain,” said Jayson Lusk, an internationally recognized food and agricultural economist and distinguished professor and department head of agricultural economics at Purdue University.
“If a key link is weakened, it impacts the strength of the entire chain. Our research identified the most vulnerable points and it also highlights the importance of diversifying. If multiple suppliers of needed inputs are used, it is like doubling up links at critical points in the chain.”
Lusk, who leads Purdue’s Center for Food Demand Analysis and Sustainability, and Ahmad Zia Wahdat, a postdoctoral research associate at the center, developed an interactive dashboard to share their findings. A working paper posted on SSRN details their work.
The dashboard teases out the inputs needed for different food industries, provides the share of total cost of upstream inputs and labor, and evaluates the risk of an industry based on a diversity score. The score ranges from a value of zero to one, with higher scores indicating less vulnerability.
“The meat industry had the lowest diversity score,” Wahdat said. “Around $163 billion worth of input purchases are exposed to upstream industries and labor. Of this, animal production, or farms, and labor across production and transportation are the dominant sources of vulnerability. So, events like a pandemic, natural disaster or animal illness can jeopardize the output of the meat industry, as we have seen.”
For example, if 10% of input supply for this industry were lost, it would lose an average of $203 million of its output for each state across the nation. And if 10% of production labor within the industry was lost, $28 million in output for each state would be lost, Wahdat said.
“Four major meat processing companies process 85% of cattle in the U.S.,” Lusk said. “If these processing plants are hit with a disaster, there will be shortages of beef in grocery stores.”
The dashboard provides information for the entire U.S. as well as state by state.
